The English language has a complicated set of rules for writing numbers, and it can be frustrating to determine whether to write numbers in numerals or words. There are several factors to consider when deciding how to write numbers, such as context, audience, formality, and style guide.
Writing numbers in words is considered more formal and appropriate for academic, legal, and technical writing. Certain styling guidelines, such as APA style, suggest using numerals for numbers greater than 10. For example: instead of writing "It cost two thousand, three hundred and seventy-five dollars to renovate the local library," use $20,375. This approach is particularly important for non-fiction books in the fields of social and behavioral sciences. Writing out large numbers is not only tedious but could also distract readers, so it is advisable to stick to this convention to improve readability.
As we consider writing fiction, which differs from academic or scientific works, there is more room for flexibility in our writing style. The general rule is to use numerals for numbers two and above and to spell out the numbers zero and one. This is done for clarity, as the number zero can be confused with the letter 'O', and the number one can be confused with the letter 'I'. Additionally, the number one can be confused with the number seven in some typefaces. Writing zero and one helps avoid any confusion and ensures that the reader understands what number you are referring to. In this case, you may choose to follow the general rule for numbers, even though you are writing fiction, to maintain clarity and readability.
There are numerous instances when using words instead of symbols is preferable, especially in dialogue and narrative. For instance, degree (°) and percent (%) should be spelled out rather than using symbols. Similarly, the word 'dollar' is preferred over the dollar sign ($) in dialogue. Avoid abbreviations like 'lbs', 'oz', 'ft', 'in', 'hr', 'min', 'sec', and 'mph' when writing dialogue or narrative. Instead, use full words, such as 'pounds', 'ounces', 'feet', 'inches', 'hours', 'minutes', and 'seconds'. When it comes to writing symbols, always consider clarity and readability for your audience. Use words rather than symbols and abbreviations in dialogue and most narratives. Symbols are a visual representation, but characters need to think and speak the words.
Using numbers and symbols can sometimes be a style choice, especially when repeatedly mentioning things like mileage. For example, instead of repeatedly using "miles per hour," you can use the symbol "mph" to save space and add variety. Another exception is when using symbols in headers and chapter titles. For instance, in geospatial thrillers, coordinates can be included in headers, making symbols useful. However, if you do include full compass coordinates in the narrative, it's often best to use numerals and symbols in terms of clarity and ease of reading.
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